Banana Oil Synthesis Report Essays - 1695 Words

aMicroscale Synthesis of Isopentyl Acetate (Banana Oil) Objective: Carried out the microscale synthesis of isopentyl acetate by direct esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. This was an acid catalyzed Fischer esterification. Both extraction and distillation were employed to obtain a pure product. IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography were used to determine purity of the final product. Reagents: * Compound: | * MW (g/mol): | * MP ( °C): | * BP ( °C): | * Density (g/mL): | * Properties/ Safety: | * Isopentyl AlcoholC5H12O | * 88.15 | * -117.0 | * 132.0 | * 0.81 | * Clear, colorless liquid, disagreeable odor, flammable. Hazardous in case of skin, eye contact and ingestion and inhalation.†¦show more content†¦Table 1: Figure 1 summary: IR spectrum isopentyl acetate: Peak (cm-1) | Corresponding Bond: | 2959.98 | C-H | 2872.89 | C-H | 1743.38 | C=O (Ester) | 1244.50 | C-O | Gas Chromatography (GC) Results: The GC resulted in one peak determined to be 100% isopentyl acetate based on comparing to the results of a known sample of isopentyl acetate which had a similar peak after a retention time of 1.5 minutes. Refer to figure 4 for results summarized below. Table 2: Figure 4 GC Summary: Retention Time (min) | Area | % Composition | Identity | 1.525 | 1.7 x 107 | 100% | Isopentyl acetate | NMR spectrum of typical isopentyl acetate sample is also shown in figure 3a. Discussion: This sulfuric acid catalyzed Fischer esterification reaction used excess acetic acid reacted with isopentyl alcohol to create isopentyl acetate. 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Democratic Convention Free Essays

Several dozens of years ago Conventions of parties were an important part of American political life. Although nowadays their role is a bit decreased, still the electors watch results of Conventions with great interest. Democratic Convention of this year gave possibility to John Kerry to introduce him to that part of American electorate, which doesn’t know him well. We will write a custom essay sample on Democratic Convention or any similar topic only for you Order Now Still, the electorate knows quite well who is George Bush – as he was the President for 4 years. So, Republican Convention will not add much information to those opinions about Bush, which are already exist, although his speech is prominent, as usual and in some extent, shows him from a bit new point of view. We can see some changes in Conventions as well: last time directly at Conventions who candidates competed for nomination from Party – Jerald Ford and Ronald Reagan (it took place in 1976 and we are speaking about Republicans), but if approval of candidate changed into clear formality, can the American political scientists continue to examine Convention as a key event of party political struggle? I think, to some extent it is correct, even if we take into account that candidate is usually determined to the beginning of Convention, and we are not expecting any surprises. It became a part of election campaign, but it is very important part of it. The Convention is a kind of enchanting sight which gives an opportunity to candidate to present his speech, where he will give idea of himself and his program, – and then it results his rating. Actually, Republican Convention is an answer to Democratic Convention, which took place in Boston from July 26 to July 29. It is quite difficult position: while George Bush can refer to his statement of service, John Kerry can refer only to his promises. But from the other side, if Bush’s statement of services can be interpreted not only to his favor, and many of electors treat it exactly to his disfavor, we have the struggle between reality and promises. More then 35 thousand of people took part in Democratic Convention. During Convention they informed American society about life of John Kerry and John Edwards, about their great services to American society in the struggle for interests of middle-class and about their plans to build stronger and more independent America. Stephanie Tubbs-Jones told about plans to create new working places and economics, which will be more stable in interests of middle-classes. Tammy Baldwin presented program of cheaper and more affordable health-care system. Bob Menendez explained main points of Democratic program in the field of foreign policy. The most important event was final speech of candidate to President John Kerry, directly before procedure of official closure of Convention. The present structure of Convention was the most multi-national during the whole history of Party according to information of Democratic National Convention Committee (DNCC). More then 40% of participants consisted of national minorities of the USA. More then 10 thousand of people registered as volunteers in order to help the party during Convention. Historically, Republicans had more strong positions at more rich and industrialized north of America, and Democrats – at more poor â€Å"village† south. But during the last 50 years their positions changed: Democrats dominate at the North of America and Republicans – at the South. Democrats lay special stress on expansion of governmental role, and Republicans lay stress on decreasing of governmental role, taxes, etc. Another point of differences is program of so-called â€Å"affirmative actions†. Democrats support giving advantages to race and other minorities when receiving job or education; – this was the reason that African-American gave their votes in their favor. Democrats consider themselves supporters and defenders of interests of working class and people with low income. Republicans present interests rather of business and wealthy citizens. Their party also includes Christian conservators. How to cite Democratic Convention, Papers

Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Assessment of Global Incidence and Mortality. Answer: Introduction This case study review pertain patient Faouq aged 75 years old having severe sepsis condition coupled with pneumococcal pneumonia. He is under medication, currently being given intravenous with antibiotics drugs. He has symptoms of shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing. Medical assessments have been initiated indicating lower lungs infection presenting severe sepsis. The patient weighs 90 kgs and is an addict of cigarette, smoking 2 packs of cigarettes per day. He has been administered on the intensive care unit for oxygen support and overall care. Severe sepsis is a medical condition where there is occasioned organ dysfunction affecting heart circulatory, cellular and other body functioning. Globally it affects huge sections of the population, with an estimate of about 270 cases per 100,000 persons, with high mortality rates and infections locating in lungs prevalent, (Fleischmann et al, 2016). The emergence of shock is often associated with the inability of the body to function well due to accompanying shock due to infections. Sepsis has high mortality rate and end making it a life threatening disease, (Stevenson et al, 2014). Those at risk for developing the disease are the elderly persons, smokers, people with influenza, respiratory disease patients and those who have generally low immune function. This makes it the patient in the case study to be more at risks for the disease. Predisposing factors for this patient are bronchitis and smoking habit which has deteriorated the status of the lungs. Medical management for sepsis incorporate bacterial and infection control management. Bacterial infections such bronchitis for the patient needs to be managed with anti bacterial pharmacology, while on a viral case, patient is often advised on diet management plans, (Aalen et al, 2014). The objective of nursing goals is to ensure that the patient is alleviating from the worsening effect of the disease. In sepsis care there is need to ensure that the patient is stabilized and mediation is recovered well. Actions geared to this are ensuring that there is smooth oxygen flow to the patient. There is need to assess the patient status and monitor the oxygen state thus supporting and offering oxygen support for the patient is paramount. As a nurse regular assessments of the patient ABGs and the oxygen respiration rate is critical to assess oxygen intake. Analysis of ABGs The importance of ABGs assessment is essential for measuring oxygen status for the patient. Ph is key in assessing the hydrogens present in the body. The ph of the patient is low thus signifying there is low excretion status of carbon dioxide in the lungs, normally the kidneys function by excreting the hydrogens while the lungs excrete CO2, however there is infection in the lungs for the patient hindering normal function thus causing acidosis being illustrated by the low acidic ph, (Bruno Valenti, 2012). Partial pressure assessment is essential in assessing gas molecules in the patient. Oxygen often has normal partial pressure of 21% at the normal 100kPa. For the patient, the value is 55 mmHg, which is higher than the reference values, thus showing there is compromise in molecules quantity in the lungs. Base assessment for the patient are normal, which is indicative of normal ph status, variations of the normal values often signifies alkalosis or acidosis, (Ghosh, 2006). The patient has normal range values for these parameters. Bicarbonate state is essential in measuring g the kidney functionality state. The patient has normal status of bicarbonate having 24 mmol/L indicating normal status, (Sigh, Khatana Gupta, 2013). Lactate state illustrates anaerobic production. Higher levels often indicate failure the tissues respire anaerobic ally. The patient has high lactate levels which is an indicative of lower state perfusion leading to anaerobic respiration, (Kurtz et al, 2008). Patient ABG analysis signifies the function of the lungs, with severe sepsis infection, the functionality of the lungs has been impaired dramatically occasioned with pneumococcal pneumonia state. ABG parameters and assessments have shown that the patient needs high nursing priority care so as to reduce to effects caused by the infection on the lungs. Thus nursing care linked to ABG and oxygen nursing support for the patient is essential in improving recovery process and medication protocol is essential. References Aalen, O. O., Valberg, M., Grotmol, T., Tretli, S. (2014). Understanding variation in disease risk: the elusive concept of frailty. International journal of epidemiology, 44(4), 1408-1421. Bruno, C. M., Valenti, M. (2012). Acid-base disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pathophysiological review. BioMed Research International, 2012. Fleischmann, C., Scherag, A., Adhikari, N. K., Hartog, C. S., Tsaganos, T., Schlattmann, P., ... Reinhart, K. (2016). Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 193(3), 259-272. Ghosh AK; Diagnosing acid-base disorders. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006 Sep54:720-4. Kurtz, I., Kraut, J., Ornekian, V., Nguyen, M. K. (2008). Acid-base analysis: a critique of the Stewart and bicarbonate-centered approaches. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 294(5), F1009-F1031. Singh, V., Khatana, S., Gupta, P. (2013). Blood gas analysis for bedside diagnosis. National journal of maxillofacial surgery, 4(2), 136-136. Stevenson, E. K., Rubenstein, A. R., Radin, G. T., Wiener, R. S., Walkey, A. J. (2014). Two decades of mortality trends among patients with severe sepsis: a comparative meta-analysis. Critical care medicine, 42(3), 625.